Preliminaries to Speech Analysis
The Distinctive Features and their Correlates
By Roman Jakobson,
C. Gunnar M. Fant and Morris Halle
本書介紹語言最基本的成份，以及它們的特殊結構，發音、聽覺及知覺的相互關聯。調查這些最基本成份在世界上不同語言中的使用。初版於1951年，目前介紹的這本為1967年的第七刷版本。
& 目錄
Preface
I The Concept of the Distinctive Feature
1.1 Resolving Speech into Ultimate Units
1.2 Invariance and Redundant Variations
1.3 Identification of Distinctive Features
1.4 Inherent and Prosodic Distinctive Features
1.5 The Distinctive Features Compared to Other Sound Features
II A Tentative Survey of the Distinctive Features
2.1 Prefatory Acoustical Remarks
2.1.1 Properties of the Source function Utilized in Language
2.1.1.1 Type of Source
2.1.1.2 Number of Sources
2.1.1.3 Transient Effects
2.1.2 Transfer Functions Utilized in Language
2.1.2.1General Properties
2.1.2.2 Location of Source
2.1.2.3 Shape of the Vocal Tract
2.1.3 Neutral Position of the Vocal Tract
2.1.4 Phoneme Boundaries
2.2 Fundamental Source features
2.2.1 Vocalic vs. Non-Vocalic
2.2.2 Consonantal vs. Non-Consonantal
2.2.2.1 Vowels and Consonants
2.2.2.2 Liquids
2.2.2.3 Glides
2.2.2.4 Production
2.2.2.5 Perception
2.2.2.6 Occurrence
2.3 Secondary Consonantal Features
2.3.1 Envelope Features
2.3.1.1 Interrupted vs. Continuant
2.3.1.1.1 Stimulus
2.3.1.1.2 Production
2.3.1.1.3 Perception
2.3.1.1.4 Occurrence
2.3.1.1.5 Double Stops
2.3.1.2 Checked vs. Unchecked
2.3.1.2.1 Stimulus
2.3.1.2.2 Production
2.3.1.2.3 Occurrence
2.3.2 Strident vs. Mellow
2.3.2.1 Stimulus
2.3.2.2 Production
2.3.2.3 Occurrence
2.3.3 Supplementary Source：Voiced vs. Unvoiced
2.3.3.1 Stimulus
2.3.3.2 Production
2.3.3.3 Occurrence
2.4 Resonance Features
2.4.1 Compact vs. Diffuse
2.4.1.1 Stimulus
2.4.1.2 Production
2.4.1.3 Perception
2.4.1.4 Occurrence
2.4.2 Tonality Features
2.4.2.1 Grave vs. Acute
2.4.2.1.1 Stimulus
2.4.2.2.2 Production
2.4.2.3 Sharp vs. Plain
2.4.2.3.1 Stimulus
2.4.2.3.2 Production
2.4.2.3.3 Perception of Tonality Features
2.4.2.3.4 Occurrence of Tonality Features
2.4.2.3.5 The Primary Tonality Feature
2.4.2.3.6 The Secondary Tonality Features
2.4.3 Tense vs. Lax
2.4.3.1 Stimulus
2.4.3.2 Production
2.4.3.3 Perception
2.4.3.4 Occurrence
2.4.4 Supplementary Resonator：Nasal vs. Oral
2.4.4.1 Stimulus
2.4.4.2 Production
2.4.4.3 Occurrence
2.5 Conclusion